Book Reviews

Do we teach values in sexuality education? Whose? Do we remain neutral? The answers to these questions differ with each generation and sometimes· with each area of the country. Ronald Morris, in his Values in Sexualiry Education, has brought great clarity and understanding to the debate. In Part 1 he takes us through the earlier struggling years of educators trying to find the right place for dealing with the subject of sexually transmitted diseases, and presents the pro's and con's of what was considered a breakthrough in the subject the Values Clarification Approach. Morris also brings us through the other hopeful approach launched in the '60s, namely Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development, and, again , sets out both how Kohlberg advances the cause, and where his contribution was found wanting. The twenty or so years of implementing these two approaches has allowed their shortcomings to surface and be duly documented. More was needed.

176. To enquire into the influence of the atmofpheric conftitution, in. producing difeafes, is an undertaking both extenfive and difficult ; and though it is a fubjedt of the greateft importance, it has not yet fufficiently been inveftigated, and ftill requires to be afcertained by experience and the evidence of fafts. The author of this publication has, therefore, a juft claim to the praife of the public, for having devoted himfelf to this tafk by colle&ing materials for the purpofe, and arranging them in fuch a way, that 1 a more perfeft theory can be founded upon them. The work, This Publication, one of the beft books on the elements of Bo-r tany, is unluckily the refult of a literary robbery, being a copy of the le&ures delivered by the celebrated Desfontaines, who has in different Journals re-claimed it, and has reprobated this abufe of confidence, and this fort of fpoliation of the produft of his ftudies. However, though the author is juftly to be blamed on this account, yet we cannot forbear to confefs, that he has done much fervice to young botanifts, by putting into their hands thefe leffons, of which they particularly ftand in need, and which Desfontaines would probably not have fo foon publilhed, as he is only accuftomed to bring before the public, the refujks of a long and laborious ftudy. We recommend our readers, who are happy enough to find pleafure and comfort in the ftudy of Botany," to procure this work, which is a good compendium of that ftudy.
lllujiratio Iconographica Infettorum, quae in mufais Parijinis obfer-nja<vit et in lucent, edidit J. Chr. Fabricius, pramijfis ejufdem Defcriptionibus; accedunt Species plurimae, <vel minus, aut nondum (ognitae; Authore Ant. Coquebert, Societ. Philomat. et Hijicriae Hatur. Paris, Socio, Tabular, Decas 1, Parifiis, Typis Didot, natu majoris, An. 7, 4U). vellum paper, figures, coloured, hlr. Fabricius has defcribed in his Syftematic Entomology, and the Supplement to it, feveral new infedb, which he faw in the different Air. Coquelei'fs Description of new Inserts, 451 different colleflions at Paris. His defcriptions, however, being1 not always fufficient for determining the fpecies he had in view, the great difficulties hence arifing can only be removed by good figures of the orignals, fignCd by his hand; by which means thefe obje&s will, as it were,'be multiplied and pferpetuated, and which, if once deftroyed, may perhaps not be found again. It is therefore incumbent upon us to do proper juftice to the zeal and merit of Cit. Coquebert, author of the work we are hpre announcing, which conftfts in reprefenting by figures, coloured after his own drawings, the infedts obferved in the Pari? cabinets, and defcribed by Mr. Fabricius; in adding the defcription and fynonimoua terms of that naturalift, and in publifliing other new fpecies, or thofe that are lefs known. The celebrated artifts, Cit. Maleuvre for engraving, and Didot the elder for the typographical part, have affifted in this interesting work, and feconded the pencil of a man, who knows how neceffary it is to obferve and ltudy Nature, before he attempts to copy her.
The 10 firft plates contain about 120 figures, a great number of which prefent the infe&s in detail. He begins with thofe that are particularly fubjeft to be deftroyed, belonging at the fame time to lefs numerous clafles than others, viz. the Symitotes, Peezotes, and Ryngotes of Fabricius. North America, Cayenne, the Barbary ftates, and the fouth of France, are the principal countries from which the fpecies he has figured are brought. The new genera of Delphax, OryfTus, and Pfocus are here figured, with an accurate reprefentation of their organs of manducation, in which he has been much affifted by Cit. Latraille, to whom the plate is entirely owing of the little known genus Pfocus, which on account of their minutenefs and fugacity, had hitherto efcaped the obftrvation of naturalifts. Some anatomical obfervations, new fynonimous terms, and other remarks, give an additional value to this work; and we are convinced that it will meet with the Jnoft favourable reception by every naturalift and amateur.
Mr. Davy's Chemical and Philosophical Researches.
[Concluded from pp. 360?364, of our laft. ] " I was awakened by head-ache and painful naufea. The riaufea continued even after the contents of the ftomach had been ejected. The pain in the head every minute increafed; I was neither feverifh nor thirfty ; my bodily and mental debility were exceffive, and the pulfe feeble and quick.-" In this ftate I breathed for near a minute and half five quarts of gas, which was brought to me by the operatoV for nitrous oxyde-; but as k produced no fenfacions whatever, and apparently rather increafed my debility, I am almoft convinced that it was from fome accident, either common air, or very impure nitrous oxyde. " Immediately after this trial, I refpired 12 quarts of oxygene for pear four minutes. It produced no alteration in my fenfations * at I 452 Mr. Davys Chemical arid Philosophical Researches? at the time j but immediately after I imagined that I was a lit'ffe exhilarated.
" The head-ache apd debility flill however continuing with violence, I examined Tome nitrous dxyde wfoich had been prepared iri the morning, and finding it very pure, refpired (even quarts of it for two minutes and half. " I was unconfcious of head-ache after the third infpiration; the ufual pleafurable thrilling was produced, voluntary power wa^ deftrbyed, and vivid ideas rapidly palled through my mind ; I made ftrides acrofs the room, and continued for fome minutes much exhilarated. Immediately after the exhilaration had difappeared, I felt a flight return of the head-ache ; it was connected with trarv-, fient naufea. After two minutes, when a fmall quantity of acidified wine had been thrown from the ftomach, both the naufea and head-ache difappeared ; but languor and deprefiion, not very different in degree from thofe exifting before the experiment, fucceeded* They however, gradually went off before bed time. I flept found the whole of the night except for a few minutes, during which I was kept awake by a trifling head-ache. In the morning, I had no longer any debility. No head-ache or giddinefs came on after I had arifen ; and my appetite was very great. " This experiment proved, that debility from intoxication wast not increafed by excitement from nitrous oxyde. The head-ache and depreffion, it is probable, would have continued longer if it had not been adminiftered. Is it not likely that the flight naufea following the effefts of the gas was produced by new excitability given to the ftomach ? " To afcertain with certainty, whether the moft extenflve attion of nitrous oxyde compatible with life, was capable of producing debility, I refolved to breathe the gas for fuch a time and in fuch quantities, as to produce excitement equal in duration and fuperior in intenfity to that occafioned by high intoxication from opium of alcohol. " To habiftiate myfelf to the excitement., and to carry it on gra* dually, " On December 26th, I was inclofed in an air-tight breathing, ' box, of the capacity of about 9 cubic feet and halt, in the prefence! of Dr. Kinglake. '* After I had taken a fltaation in which I could by means of & curved thermometer inferted under the arm, and a ftop-watch, afcertain the alterations in my pulfe and animal heat, 20 quarts of nitrous oxyde were thrown into the box. " For three minutes I experienced no alteration in my fenfatioris, though immediately after the introduction of the nitrous oxyde the fmell and tafte of it were very evident. *' In four minutes I began to feel a flight glow in the cheeks,and a generally diffufed warmth over the cheft, though the temperature of the box was not quite 500. I had neglefted to feel my pulfe before I went in ; at this time it was 104 and hard, the animal heat was 98?, In ten minutes the animal heat was near 990, in a quarter Mr. Davy's Chemical and Philosophical Researches. 453 ? -quarter of an hour 99.50, when the pulfe was 102, and fuller than before. " At this period twenty quarts more of nitrous oxyde were thrown into the box, and well-mingled with the mafs of air by agitation. " In twenty-five minutes the animal heat was ioo?, pulfe 124. In thirty minutes, twenty quarts more of gas were introduced. " My fenfations were nowpleafant ; I had a generally diffufed warmth without the flighted moifture of the Ikin, a fenfe. of exhilaration fimilar to that produced by a fmall dofe of wine, and a difpofition to mufcular motion and to merriment. " In three quarters of an hour the pulfe was 104, ana animal heat not 99,5?, the temperature of the chamber (was 64?. The pleafurable feelings continued to increafe, the pulfe became fuller and flower, till in about an-hour it was 88?, when the animal heat was 99?-. < " Twenty quarts more of air were admitted. I had now a great difpofition to laugh, luminous points feemed frequently to pal's before my eyes, my hearing was certainly more acute, and I felt a pleafant lightnefs and power of exertion in my mui'cles. Ina lhort time the fymptoms became ftationary ; breathing was< rather op prefled, and on account cf the great defire of aftion, reft was painful.
" I now came out of the box, having been in precifely an hour and a quarter.
fectly regardlefs of what was faid to me. As I recovered my former ftate of mind? I fejt an inclination to communicate the difcoveries I had made during the experiment. I endeavoured to recall the ideas; they were feeble and indiftinft ; one collection of' terms, however, prefented itfelf; and with the moft intenfe belief and prophetic manner, I exclaimed to Dr. Kinglake, experiment, though the time, as meafured by the relative vividnefs of the recolle&ed ideas, appeared to me much longer. " Not more than half of the nitrous oxyde was confumed. After a minute, before the thrilling of the extremities had difappeared, I breathed the remainder. Similar fenfations were again produced ; I was quickly thrown into the pleafurable trance, and continued in it longer than before. For many minutes after the experiment, I experienced the thrilling in the extremities, the exhilaration continued nearly two hours. For a much longer time I experienced the mild enjoyment before defcribed connefted with indolence ; no depreffion or feeblenefs followed. I ate my dinner with great appetite, and found myfelf lively and difpofed to aftion immediately after. I pafled the evening in executing experiment?. At night I found myfelf unufually cheerful and adtivej and the hours between eleven and two, were fpent in copying the foregoing detail from the common-place book-, and in arranging the experiments.
In bed I enjoyed profound repofe. When I awoke in the morning, it was with confcioufnefs of pleafurable exiftence, and this conlcioufnefs, more or iefs, continued through the day." A fecond Bj/ay on Burns, in which an Attempt is made to refute tht Opinions of Mr. Earle,* and Sir W. Farquhar, lately advanced, on the fuppofed Benefit of the Application of Ice in fuch Accidents : With Cafes and Communications, confirming the Principles and Practice brought forward in a former EJfay. Alfo Proofs, particularly addrejjed to Surgeons cf the Army and Naiy, of the Utility of the stimulating Plan in the Treatment of Injuries caufed by the Explojion of Gunpowder. By Edward Kentish, author of the former Eflay. In this Eflay Mr. Kentifii has brought forward 4 number of proofs in addition to thofe mentioned in his former, of the fuperiority of his mode of treating burns with ftimulants over the cold applica-' tions generally recommended. His vicinity to the coal mines, where accidents frequently happen from the explofion of inflammable air, perty of life, have a power of preferving their exiftence under a varied degree of temperature proportioned to the perfection of their organization; and if gradually applied, the extent of the icale is greater. Man will exift from zero to two hundred and fixty degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer; though rapid changes much within that range will deftroy him. Such is his glafly efTence, that it appears neceflary to treat him asartifts do that fubftance, -viz. to anneal him, by allowing his temperature to be changed gradually. Such is in fome delicate conftitutions the narrow fcale of accommodating power in the fyftem, that a change which appears infenfible to perfons of a more healthy frame, produces fuch disturbance in the aftlons of abforpticn and fecretion, as to bring on complaints of the moll ferious nature. Delicate ladies who keep clofe within the houfe, in gomg from one room to another bring un that ftate of the fyftem known by the term of catching cold. This ftate is alfo very frequently.induced by a too fudden and great application of the ftimulus of heat, after the torpor induced from lowering the temperature only a few degrees. The effett of a diminifhed quantity of heat is proved by the fads adduced by Mr. Hunter, of the rabbits' ears, [wide Firfi EJfay, p. 108.) to have Hopped all aftion in the part; and the eife?t of increased heat applied to my own body (ibid, p.m.) proves the increaled action induced by heat. I do not mean by this to deny the power of iire combining with, and decompofing any part of the. fyftem to which it has been fo applied. I am well convinced I could burn my finger off over an Argand's lamp ; but after this decomposition, I Ihould not expedt that ice would draw out the caloric, and reftore me my finger. When caloric combines with any fubftance, a chemical union takes place; and when this is done with the living animal fibre, it is at the expence of a deftru&ion of organization, which no human art can reftore in that individual fibre. Yet fuppofing a finger, or part of a finger, to be fo deftroved, there muft have been increafed aCtion previoufly to deftru&ion ; and where deftru&ion ceafes, increafed adtion, from this greateft of 11 known ftimuli, will begin. Now as I think it will be granted that parts cannot be reftored, thofe which we have to take care of mult clafs under the head of parts with increafed attion. If this be admitted, I believe I have formerly pointed out the belt known modes of treatment.
What to me is one of the moll convincing proofs of the truth of the principles \ wifti to be made known, is, that the in-'verfe of them is proved to be true by the experience of all countries fubjeft to a diminifhed temperature ; and, reafoning upon the fame data, Mr. Earle's principle muft be erroneous: for inftance, if in a plus of heat it Ihould be drawn off" by cold, in a minus of heat, it Ihould be added by the body which is the readieft to part wjth its heat. The following cafe will illuftrate thefe principles : In the beginning of this year (1S00) there was a fevere ftorm, in which many fhips were loft upon the coaft of Northumberland, and a great number of men perifned from the intenfity of the cold. Three were taken to a lmall inn in a fulling town on the coaft, and N n n 2 as 456 Mr. Rentifhy ori Butris, ( as one was very much frofi-bitten, with the beft intentions In fRff world the v good people of the inn prepared a hot bath for him, ii* which having kept him a fufflcient time, they put him to bed, and gave him fome hot ale and brandy. The confequence of this treatment was, that the torpid a&Lons of the fyftem were fo rapidly put into motion, that the vital power was exhaufted in forty-eight hours, and the man died. The others, who fortunately had not fo much falfe care beftowed upon them, recovered with difficulty; for although they did not ufe the bath, they had a fhare of the other ftimuli applied, fufEcient .to produce pernicious effe&s. Now had Mr. Earie's principle been right, the man would have lived, as they took the readieft way of applying, both externally and internally, the deficient heat. Had the opposite prattice been taken with this man, I have very little doubt but he would have recovered: the froft-bitten parts (the extremities, both fuperior and inferior) fhould have been thawed in W2ter not above 40 degrees; he fhould then have baen put into a cold bed in a room without a fire; and if he had been allowed any ftimulating drink (fuch as ale) it at lead fhould have been cold : but of the propriety of allowing, at an early period, even this ftimulus, of cold fermented liquor, I have my doubts. For the danger of allowing too great ftimulus after what is termed an accumulation of irritability, I refer the reader to accounts of fhip-wrecked people: the narrative of the lofs of the Bounty will fupply them with fuliicient obfervations on this head." ? The ingenious author purfues the principle of treatment recommended in his former Effay, though in the detail of pra&ice he has been induced to make fome alterations, which he thinks highly advantageous.

"
In the firft fpecies, where the attion of a part only is increafedy I have not found any thing better for the firft application than the heated Ol. Terebinth, and the digeftive thinned with the fame. In fupsrficial burns, when the pain has ceafed, it will be advifeable to defift from this application in about four and twenty hours, as that time in many cafes will be fufficient, and at the fecond dreifing a digeftive fufficiently thinned with common oil, will be adequate to the cafe; and on the third day to begin with the ceratum e lapide calaminari. I have frequently feen fecondary inflammation excited by the remedy, which in the firft inltance puzzled and perplexed me confiderably : I have likewife been iiv formed of this confequence by feveral gentlemen. The moft certain remedy for this unpleafantfymptom is to apply a plafter with dirgeftive thinned with oil, or a plafter of cerate, and over that a large <vjann poultice. This moft effectually takes oft" the irritation of the part, and the cerate will finifh the cure. Should there be much uneafinefs of the fyftem, an anodyne proportioned to the age of. the patient fhould be given." Mr As the fu'oftance of this fcientifcc and correft work has already appeared in Mr. Nicholfon's Journal, and as Dr. Saunders has given the refults of the analyfis in his work on mineral waters, of which we gave fome account in our laft Number, it will not be neceffary for us to make long extrafts. ** With fuch powerful effe&s," the Author obferves, " as the Bath Waters are known to produce on the human conftitution, it is aftonilhing to find that fo few a&ive principles fliould have been difcovered by thofe learned men who have made them the fubjedfc of their enquiries. It has been alleged, that all attempts to discover the properties or effedts of mineral waters on the human body by chemical experiment or analyfis are vain and infignificant, as many effefts are produced by them not to be accounted for from any difcoverable impregnation. The learned Dr. Falconer very juftly combats this opinion. He obferves, " that fuch reafoning, " if applied equally to all branches of learning, would preclude " all fearch whatever; and, had it formerly obtained, would have " prevented our acquifition of many ufeful and important difco-" veries which we now enjoy." The Doftor, with that liberality which diftinguifties the charatter of the man of learning, obferves, that in difcuffions on fubjetts of fcience, when opinions alone are controverted, it may be alleged, that no apology is neceffary; as candour lhould be the infeparable attendant on learning ; and no man of fcience lhould be afhamed to receive information, from whatever channel it may be derived. As an apology for offering to the world the prefent performance, it ought to be recolle&ed that the fcience of'chemiftry has within thefe few years made very rapid advances, and the cultivators of it have now many more fixed principles, on which to found their reafonings, than could have been fufpedted by thofe who applied to it but a few years fince. Even the exigence of many very aftive fubftances was then totally unknown. Many agents and principles, which, a few years back, were believed to regulate the phenomena of Nature, are now proved to have had no exiltence-but in the imaginations of the cultivators of this fcience. A fcience which comprehends fo large a field of inquiry muit doubtlefs be fubjeet continually to changes, according to the advances which are made in it. The detection of a new principle mult, in every fcience, alter the reafonings refpefting the phenomena which it prefents. " There are daily poured forth from the fprings at Bath, upwards of two tboufand hoglheads of water; which water is heated confi.derablv above the temperature of ordinary water. As a matter of curiofity, I find that the quantity of heat which is evolved by them in the courfe of one year, above the medium heat of other fprings, would render above feven hundred million of cubic inches of iron red hot. " The following is a flatement of the heat and quantity of the " Sixteen ounces or fortjrcubic inches of water at 550 of heat were raifed by a cubic inch of iron red hot to 900. *' One cubic inch, of red hot iron, would raife fifteen cubic inches of water, at 550 of heat, to the heat of the Bath waters ; and there arife two thoufand hogiheads of water every day from the fprings.
" The temperature of the King's Bath, and Hot Bath, is about 1140 of Fahrenheit; by pumping a confiderable time they have been found to raife the thermometer to 116?, and even to 118?. The Crofs Bath is of fomewhat a lower temperature, about no? or 112?. " It is difficult to afcertain with precifion the heat of the Bath waters.
When examined under the fame circumftances, their temperature appears uniform. The regular temperature of the Bath waters, and the length of time that they have been known to pour forth their hot ftreams, would induce us to think that the caufe of their heat is uniform, and very deeply fituated in the bowels of the earth. I beg leave to offer a conje&ure refpedting that regularity of their temperature; which is, that at fome great depth in the earth, they are at a very high temperature, and that in coming up to the furface of the earth, their temperature is lowered to the degree they are found to poflefs. Thus it ftiould feam that they are analogous to the Geyzer in Iceland, and that at a certain depth, they would be found to have nearly the fame appearances. That they are not of the nature of common fprings of water is evident from their not being affe?ted by the viciffitudes of weather, nor from the alternation of wet or dry feafens. " The following extraft, however, from Lord Gardenftone's travelling memorandums, feems to Ihew that water does fometimes acquire a confiderable temperature at no great diftance from the furface of the earth. " Aix in Provence." " Dr. Philips informed me of a remarkable fa?t relative to thefe <e waters.
About three-or four years ago, the inhabitants were " alarmed by a fudden and great defett in the ufual flow of water " from their fountains. The flow gradually diminilhed, and,in a *' few days they were 'almoft dry; happily the caufe of this fcar-*' city was foon difcovered and eafily remedied. In faft, a farmer tc about the diftance of half an Englifti mile from Aix, had, " at this time, on fome fcheme of improvement, dug up part of " his ground, when, at a fmall depth from the furface, a body of ?( water ruflied out and continued to flow very plentifully. The ?f fad being reported at Aix, they conje&ured that the farmer had 459 " thus accidentally fallen upon and diverted the ftream which " fupplied their fountains; but, upon inquiry, the farmer's ftream " was found to have no degree of heat; on the contrary, it was " a very cold fpring water.
? " The experiment however was made. The farmer's ftream " was replaced, and immediately the fountains of Aix were re-** plenifhed with the fame plenty and quality of water as formerly. " Thus it appears, with certainty, that this water acquires its " heat in the courfe of running from the farmer's ground to Aix; ** but how or where it is impregnated with the quality of heat, is " not yet determined." " I could mention a great variety of iqftances where the Bath waters have produced great effe&s in difeafe ; but as I intend to make the medical properties of thefe waters the fubjedt of the fecond part of this treatife, I muft content myfelf at prefent with exprefTing a hope that even thofe who have hitherto confidered thefe waters as inefficacious, will be inclined to agree with me, in allowing that thefe principles muft have great medical powers. " According to my experiments I beg leave to make a ftatement of the Bath waters in the following manner: 1. The temperature at medium in the King's Bath 114?, in the Hot Bath a little above that of the King's Bath, and in the Crofs Bath about 96?.
2. In the water carbonic acid gas and azotic gas in very fmall quantities. The carbonic acid furfaturates the carbonate of lime which is evolved by boiling. The following aeriform fluids efcape from the fprings through the water, and appear in bubbles on the furface: ,15. c.
3? Iron in a ftate of extreme divifion, the quantities in confequence of its apparent volatility not to be eftimated. According fo fome writers, the King's Bath contains the largeft portion.
4. Sulphate of lime, or felenite in the proportion of ,40 of the folid reliduum.
" The folid matter forms about a 660th part of thefe waters.
" The fand which is thrown up by thefe lprings is compofed of filex, felenite, carbonate of lime, fome fulphur, and fome particles of iron which have been found to be attra&ed by the magnet." ^the Hospital Pupil, or an Essay intended to facilitate the Study of Medicine and Surgery; in four Letters. By James Parkinson.
8vo. pp. 159, price 3s. 6d. London, 1800. Symonds, &c. This induftrious and benevolent writer is fo well known to the medical world) that our commendation can add nothing to his fame. P 4.60 Mr. Parkinson's Hospital Pupil.
fame. In country towns, from neceffity, and frequently in London, from choice, the fame perfon adts in the charafter of Surgeon, Apothecary, Accoucheur, and Phyftcian. It is the education of fuch a perfon that -Mr. P. has principally in view. The firft letter is on the qualifications and difpofitions necefi'ary for a youth intended for the profeffion of Medicine or Surgery. The fecond, on the beft method of educating a medical lludent, yith an improved courfe of Hofpital Studies. *' The grand object," Mr. P. obferves, " which next calls for confederation, is what is the beft fituation in which a youth can be placed; and what is the mode of ftudy, which will moil certainly fecure him all the theoretical and pradtical knowledge, ^n the fcience of healing, which, in the prefent Rate of the fcience, can be communicated.
" According to the prefent fyftem, the firft care of a parent, ?who has a fon whom he intends fnall be educated in both branches of the healing art, is to find out fome gentleman of refpettability who is properly eftablifhed as a furgeon and apothecary. With him, paying a proper premium, he fixes his fon, who has received a common fchool education, as an apprentice for feven years. At the end of this period he is, in general, fent to one of the hofpitals in the metropolis, where he attends the lediures, and witnefles the pradtice of the hofpital for a twelvemonth, or even lefs time : and then, if a favourable opportunity offers, takes charge of the health of fome populous neighbourhood. " Now, on full convidtion, I affert, that of all the modes which, could be devifed for a medical and chirurgical education, this is the moft abfurd; and is the one which would moft certainly exclude a young man from the chance of acquiring that knowledge which the important fituation he is about to fill fo imperioufly demands. " To put the fubjedl in a fair point of view, it will be proper firft to take a glimpfe of the manner in which the days of a young ipan, thus difpofed of, are fpent; and thqn a fair eftimation may taken of the advantages and difadvantages which belong to this mode of communicating inflrudlion. " The firft four or five years are almoft entirely appropriated to the compounding of medicines; the art of which, with every habit of neceffary exadlnefs, might be juft as well obtained in as many months. The remaining years of his apprenticefhip bring with them the acquifition of the art of bleeding, of drefling a blifter, and, for the completion of the climax?of exhibiting an enema.
If he be bleft with a mind fo alert, that even this fituation, fo ill calculated to call it into adtion, cannot render it torpid, he feizes every opportunity of gaining information; he perufes and re-perufes the Difpenfatory, lludies fome obfolete pradtice of medicine, and dofes over fome treatife on phyfiologv. Unknowing from adtual'infpedlion the form, ftrudture, and fituation of the feveral parts of the human body, his ideas of anatomy cannot but be exceedingly incorredt: phyfiological fadts will be hardly within' his comprehenfion.
Mr* Parkinson's Hospital Pupil. fibn, ?nd his ideas refpefting the treatment oT difeafes muft be almoft pure y empircal. " A young man, fuch as I have already defcrihed, at the expiration of his apprenticefliip, or Toon after, enters himfelf as a pupil of an hofpital; and as anxious, perhaps, to fulfil the period of his pupillage, as he was to accoiiiplilh the term he has juft finifhed, he commences, at the fame time, to attend the feveral leftures, and to aft as a drefler. But when, as it mull often happen, from the inif-direftion of his earlier ftudies, of which I have juft complained, he begins his courfe of obfervation, or of dreffing, with but a flight knowledge of anatomy, and of the firft principles of medi* -cine and furgery, it muft be evident that he muft be incompetent to derive the full advantages which thefe opportunities offer to him.
" From what I have here, without exaggeration, ftatdd, do you not perceive that a young man, who is placed behind the countcr' of an apothecary, for feven years, and receives his hofpital education in the manner I have defcribed, muft be robbed of his fair chance of becoming a proficient in his profeffion; and be too likely to enter upon the exercife of it, without being ia pofiefiion of the degree of knowledge, neceffary for the due performance Of the duties of fo important a ftation ? " From your defcribing your fon to be of an age fit for apprenticefhip, as I have already remarked, and from the remembrance retain of him, I fuppofe him to be about fourteen or fifteen years of age. The plan which I fhall propofe will, therefore, be fuch as ^ I think may be commenced by a youth of that age.

"
The knowledge of anatomy being neceffary, I am convinced, to be attained direftly, he Ihould, therefore, as foon as pofiible, engage himfelf in a courfe of anatomical leftures. My friend, I know you well, and therefore, without any violent ftretch of imagination, can fancy that you, as well as many others who. may read this paffage, will exclaim^?what! attend a courfe of anatomical leftures at fourteen years of age ! But a little attention will, I truft, evince the propriety of the recommendation. " Let it be confidered that anatomy is the very alphabet of phyfiology, which teaches the knowledge of the animal ceconomy ; and that, by anatomy alone, we learn the natural ftate bf parts^ as well as the changes produced by difeafe, the removal of which will be fo much the objeft of his future endeavours. An early knowledge of anatomy muft, therefore, be obtained; bat as three or four months muft now elapfe before any courfe of anatomical leftures commences, let the intermediate time be employed in rendering his knowledge of the Latin and Greek more perfeft; but particularly of the former. " He Ihould, at this period alfo, read fome elementary treatife on anatomy; fuch as Dr. Hooper's Anatomical Pocket-book^ #nce he will thereby gain fome information refpefting thofe parts on the depifting of which his pencil is exerciied; at the fame time, that it will be to him as a nomenclature, teaching him the " By a fedulous application he will thus render himfelf capable not only of comprehending the language of aledturer; but al for of better accompanying the le&urer, in the defcription of the various parts of the human body, and of their feveral offices. A foon as the opportunity prefents, he fhould commence his attendance on anatomical lefttires; but not without having impreffed on his mind, that his future progrefs in his ftudies depends on his prefent vigilance and attention. Thofe hours which his lefture* do not engage ftiould be employed in tracing over the parts which have been the fubjeft of the preceding le&ure, in fome anatomical work, fuch as Winflow's Syftem of Anatomy; or, in fome accurately drawn plates, fuch as thofe of Albinus, Euftachius, &c. "by occafionally copying of which he will now much accelerate the obtaining of anatomical knowledge. In this manner, with two courfes of leilures, he fhould pafs the winter. " In the feafon which intervenes between this period and the next winter courfe of le&ures, he may be employed in the reading of fome fyftem of anatomy, as well as of phyfiology, written in Latin, fuch as the Prtelefiiones Anatomica of Leber, and-the Prima Line a: Physiologic of Haller j by doing this he will keep up, at the fame time, his anatomical knowledge and his acquaintance with the Latin. " With his next courfes of anatomical le&ures fhould be combined lectures on physiology.
Thefe, from the anatomical information he has now gained, and from the ftudies which have lately employed him, he will now be able to underftand, fufficiently to fecure his attention, and to excite that intereft whicn due to a fcience, the knowledge of which is of fo much confequerice to him. During his attendance on the firft courfe of this lecond fet of anatomical leftures, he fhould, at the lateft, commence the exercife of practical anatomy. If this be properly attended to, and a due portion of the hours, not employed in diffeftion and le&ures, be given to revifing and copying the {hort-hand notes of the phyfiological leftures, his time will be fairly, and I doubt not fuecefsfully employed. ** Having thus completttd his fecond feafon, his mind will have now become well furniGied with fundamental knowledge; and his fummer courfe of ftudies may be of courfe widened. His reading will now be' extended to the more voluminous works of Haller, Monro, &c. by which, with occafional reference to his notes, and the exercife of his pencil, his anatomical and phyfiological attain*ments will be confiderably increafed. He will -now read fome .compendium of modern chemjstry, perhaps the one which I have publiftied for the ufe of ftuients may be as proper as moft, or fhould ne choofe a larger work, the Principles of Chemiftry, by Dr?
Gren, is recommendable. " The yther branches of natural philofophy muft now be again 1 ea^neftly tvwneftly attended to; and, if pofllble, the knowledge of them Should be accelerated, by the happy illuftration which will be yielded, by a courfe of lectures and exhibition of experiments. During this period he may alfo imprefs on his mind, fo ftrongly as to be prompt to his recolleftion, the generic chara&ers, at leaft, of difeafe, from the Nofology of Cullen. After this he may read, with advantage, tbe Firft Lines of the Pradtice of Phyfic, by the fame celebrated writer. Some fyftematic treatife of furgery may now alfo engage his attention : and he fliould likewife obtain fome knowledge of the Materia Medic a. " He will now be prepared to refume his winter courfe of fttidies,-which muft now comprife two courfes of leftures on chemistry, on the practice of physic, and on the practice of surgery, and a continuance of anatomical ledures and diffettions.
His third term being thus filled up, and completed, he will be found qualified to attend to the demonftration of the nature of difeafe, and the effeSs of medicines, in clinical lectures ; he will now alfo be enabled to derive confiderable advantage by attending the hofpltal as aji attentive obferver." The third letter contains dire&ions for the profecution of hofpital ftudies, according to the prefent fyftem of medical education ; and the laft fuggetts hints on entering into pra&ice, and on medical jurifprudence, &c.
We earneftly recommend this work to all young men who are prefent, or propofe to be, engaged in the iiudy of Medicine or furgery.
A Comparative Statement of FaSls and Observations relative to tht Coiu-Pox, as publijhed ky Doctors Jenner and WOODVILLE.
fir, Woodville's fecond publication, entitled " Obfervations on ?the Co<w-Pox," were noticed at p. 256 of Vol. III. and we there intimated that they appeared to have been dictated by the fenforial powers of irritatioij aqd feqfation, rather than thofe of volition and aflbciatioir; and we then thought they required only to be left to the attempering effe&s of Time. This author, however, appears to think otherwife, and has attempted to affiniilate thefe oils and acids by the terlium, reafon, or comparifon. The following extra&s will enable our readers to judge of the author's Candour and accuracy.
To prevent the poffibility of mifreprefentation, Dr: Jenner?s pofitions fhall be contrafted with correct extracts from Dr. Woodville's pamphlets. " We fhall begin with the moft important pofition of Dr. Jenner: * That perfont, who have been ajfefted 'with Co-iv-pox, arg rendered f perfe&ly fee we from the ejfe&s of variolous contagion O 0 0 2 *' ^